篇幅有限 先回答第一个问题
with+宾语+宾补的用法
1.with＋名词＋形容词：
Before he came here,my father used to sleep with his eyes open.
我父亲来这儿之前,常常睁着眼睛睡觉.（表示伴随情况）
2.with＋名词＋副词：
常用的副词是：in,on,over,out等.
如：He was standing there with nothing on.
他一丝不挂地站在那里.（表示伴随情况.）
We went home with our work over.
我们工作做完就回家了.（表示时间.）
3.with＋名词＋介词短语：
如：The teacher came into the classroom with a book in his hand.
= The teacher came into the classroom,book in hand.
老师手里拿着本书走进了教室.（表示伴随情况.）
The soldier had him stand with his back to his father.
士兵让他背向着父亲站着.（表示行为方式.）
4.with＋名词＋过去分词：
如：He stood for an instant with his hand still raised.
他站了一刹那,他的手仍然举着.（raised与with的宾语hand有逻辑上的动宾关系.）
I will have to buy a new one with my glasses broken.
（broken与with的宾语glasses有逻辑上的动宾关系.）
5.with＋名词＋现在分词：
如：The English class ended with all singing an English song.
英语课以全体合唱一首英语歌而结束.
（singing与with的宾语all有逻辑上的主谓关系.）
6.with＋名词＋不定式：
如：With something important to talk about with you,you must stay here.
由于有很重要的事情和你商量,你必须留下.（表示原因.）