语音知识
1.关于语音的几个概念
1) 字母：语言的书写形式.元音字母a, e, i(y), o, u,
2) 音标：词的语音形式.
3) 音素：音的最小的单位.英语中有48音素.
4) 音节：由元音和辅音构成的发音单位.ap'ple, stu'dent, tea'cher, un'der'stand
5) 元音：发音响亮,是乐音；口腔中气流不收阻碍；是构成音节的主要音.英语中有20元音.
6) 辅音：发音不响亮,是噪音；口腔中气流受到阻碍；不是构成音节的主要音.英语中有28辅音.
7) 开音节：a) 辅音+元音+辅音+e name bike home due; b) 辅音+元音 he, go, hi
8) 闭音节：a) 辅音+元音+辅音 bad, bed, sit, hot, cup; b)元音+辅音it
9) 重读音节：单词中发音特别响亮的音节.
2. 元音：(注意：下面空方括号是电脑无法输入的音标)
1) [i:] sea, he, see, piece, ceiling
2) [i] sit, build, miss, myth
3) [e] bed, desk, head,
4) [ ] bad, land, bank, stamp
5) [a:] car, fast, class, plant, calm, aunt
6) [ ] hot, want
7) [ ] door, more, sport, ball, warm, author, court, bought, caught
8) [u:] good, who, blue, soup,
9) [u] look, put, women, could
10) [ ] cup, come, blood, rough
11) [ ] girl, work, serve, nurse
12) [ ] cadre, ago, forget, polite, dollar, doctor, famous, Saturday
13) [ei] cake, they, play, eight, great,
14) [ai] bike, die, neither, light, try, find, height, eye
15) [ ] phone, cold, boat, soul, grow
16) [au] house, town
17) [ ] boy, oil
18) [ ] dear, idea, deer, here, fierce,
19) [ ] pear, care, there, fair
20) [ ] tour, poor,
3. 容易混淆的元音
1) [e] [ ] bed bad; men, man; pen, pan; lend land
2) [i:] [ei] real rail; greet, great; mean, main; read raid
3) [e] [AI] bet bite; red write; said side, head, hide
4) [au] [ ] house horse; loud lord; south sauce; now nor; count corn; cloud clause
5) [au] [ ] found fond; gown gone; down don
4. 辅音
1) [p] pen,
2) [b] bed, comb
3) [t] tell,
4) [d], day, played, wanted
5) [k] cold, sky, quick, school, back, accept, box
6) [g] big, go, guess, language
7) [m] man
8) [n] nine, knife, autumn
9) [ ] bank, uncle, English, sing,
10) [l] land, world
11) [r] read, write,
12) [f] five, cough, laugh
13) [v] voice, of
14) [ ] think,
15) [ ] this, bathe
16) [s] sit, miss, science, case, scarf
17) [z] zoo, close,
18) [ ] sure, she, social, nation
19) [ ] pleasure,
20) [h] hot, who, hour
21) [w] wall, what, answer
22) [j] yes
23) [ ] child, teach, catch
24) [ ] joke, bridge,
25) [ts] boats
26) [dz] goods
27) [tr] tree
28) [dr] dream
5. 容易混淆的辅音
1) [v] [w] vet wet; vest west; vine wine; very well
2) [s] [ ] sink think; sort thought; miss myth; mass math
3) [z] [ ] closing clothing; breeze breathe; bays bathes
4) [n] [ ] thin thing; sin sing; ban bang win wing; ran rang
6. 读音规则
1) 重读音节(见元音和辅音的例句)
2) 非重读音节 [ ] banana, student, today, after, [i] orange, secret, evening, very, Monday
7. 特殊读音
1）音的连读：前面的词以元辅音结尾,后面的单词以元音开头,这样结尾的辅音要和开头的元音连读.例如：not at all, half an hour, I love you and all. after all
2）失去爆破：辅音爆破音或摩擦音后面跟的是爆破音、破擦音和摩擦等,前面的辅音要失去爆破.例如：good girl, good student, good job, expression, school, extreme
3）音的同化：两个特殊的音碰到一起,会发出变异成特殊的音.例如：Would you do it? I am glad to meet you. Can't you see it? last year, this year,
8. 重音
1)单词重音
A)双音节词
a)一般在第一个音节重读.letter, sorry
b)有 a-, be-, de-, re-, res-, in-, im-, en-, em-, es-, ex-, con-, com-, dis-, mis-, pre-, per-, pro-, trans- 等前缀的词,第二个音节是重音.a'bout, be'lieve, ad'dress, de'cide, re'port, con'demn, res'pect, com'pare, in'form, dis'cuss, im'press, mis'take, en'force, pre'pare, em'ploy, per'mit, es'cape, pro'duce, ex'claim,trans'late
c)有 de-, in-, re-, con-, pre- 等前缀的重音与词义和词类有关, 一般名词的重音在第一个音节上,其它的词性在第二个音节上.'record, re'cord; 'insult, in'sult; 'conduct, con'duct; 'present pre'sent; 'content, con'tent
d)有些复合词和带有前缀 re-, ex-, un-, pre-, post-, 等的词,有两个重音.'out'side, 're'tell, 'well-'known, 'un'real, 'fif'teen, 'Chi'nese, 'pre-'war, 'post-'war
B)多音节词
a)一般倒数第三个音节是重音.'difficult, 'communist, 'family, e'conomy, oppor'tunity, de'mocracy.
b)有一些双音节词,加了前缀和后缀成了多音节,但这些词按原来词根的重音读音.'carefully, in'definite, 'comfortable, con'ductor, ac'cording, dis'turbance, 'complicated, es'tablishment,
c)词尾有-eous, -grahpy, -ial, -ian, -ic, -ics, -ience, ient, -ify, -ion, -ious, -ity, ive 后缀的词,重音在这些后缀的前一个音节上.cour'teous, cal'ligraphy, edi'torial, his'torian, peri'odic, mathe'matics, ex'perience, suf'ficient, i'dentify, trans'lation, re'ligious, curi'osity, pro'tective
d)词尾有 -ain, -ee, -eer, -ese, -ette 后缀的词,重音在该后缀上,而且有一个次重音.enter'tain, emplo'yee, mountai'neer, Japa'nese, ciga'rette
2)句子重音
A) 英语的节奏：（轻）-轻-重-轻-（轻）或重-轻-（轻）（轻）重
B) 英语句子的长短：是由句子中的重读词的数目决定的,而不是象汉语那样由句子中的汉字数目决定的.
C) 实词重读（副词重读）,虚词轻读(冠词,单音节介词,单音节连词,人称代词,反代词,物主代词,关系代词,相互代词,助动词,情态动词和系动词be
D) 实词不重读的特殊情况
a) 实词第二次出现 He thinks of that as a child thinks.
b) 一个名词被第二个名词修饰 I met her in the railway station.
c) 代替词 Which book do you want? The small one.
d) 感叹词中的 what 和how What a good day it is! How beautiful she is!
e) street 在专有名词中 Wangfujing Street.
f)this在这些短语中,this morning/afternoon/evening
E)虚词重读的特殊情况
a) 情态动词,助动词和系动词be在句首,句尾和否定时.Do you like it? Yes, I do. Are you a doctor? Yes, I am. Can you help me? Yes, I can. I don't like you. He isn't a worker.
b) 情态动词表示可能,惊奇和肯定时.They may come this evening. Can it be five already? He must be in the room.
c) 介词在句首和句尾.In the box, he found a letter. He is the person I talked with.
d) 引导复合句的连词在句首.If you wish, I'll visit you. When he comes, I'll tell him.
e)反身代词表示强调.He couldn't come himself.