appeal to sb.是吸引某人的意思
That I can obtain my master's degree in just one academic year appeals to me a great deal.这是一个由that引导的主语从句,而不是同位语从句.That I can obtain my master's degree in just one academic year整个部分都是主语,不只是that.
一般情况下同位语从句跟在某些名词(如news,idea,fact,promise,hope,message等)的后面,用以说明该名词所表达的具体内容.
而你所给的这句话that 前面没有任何名词,所以它不是同位语从句.